How I-O Psychology can bring Positive Environment in WorkPlace

I-O psychology mainly focuses on increasing overall productivity and related issues like work-life balance, physical and mental well-being of the employees.
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I-O Psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to organizations. The full form is Industrial-Organizational Psychology. This field performs a wide variety of tasks including studying workers attitudes and behavior,  evaluating companies overall performance and conducting leadership training. While doing so I-O psychology mainly focuses on increasing overall productivity and related issues like work-life balance, physical and mental well-being of the employees. Primarily the goal of this field is to study and understand human behavior in the workplace.

Two Basic Approaches of I-O Psychology

It has two major approaches, but both aimed towards organizational goal, First it is industrial approach, which constitutes suitability of individuals for a specific job, that is why this approach sometimes is called as personnel psychology.
This approach assess employee characteristics and match those individuals to the work areas where they are likely to perform well. In this course, some fundamental calls are taken like training needs, developing job performance standards and measuring job performance.
Second is organizational approach of psychology which is concern about how organizations affect individual behavior.

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The following factors

• Organizational Structures

• Social Norms

• Management Styles

• Role Expectations

can influence how people behave within an organization.

Working and understanding those factors, I-O Psychologists chalk out options to improve individual performance and health which ultimately benefit the organizations as a whole.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology basically is an applied field, however basic theoretical research is the key component area to decide the road ahead. It is rooted in experimental psychology and offers vast range of activity areas.

Need and Prevailing State of Psychology 

It is critical to the development of such technological innovations as self driving cars and smart devices.
Psychologists are playing critical roles in addressing how poverty and other environment factors influence people health and overall well-beings.
 
Arthur C Evans Jr. Says

Psychology touches almost every aspect of people's lives, yet many people are not aware of the breath and depth of its application and influence.

He hopes people will soon understand the science and practice of psychology are revolutionizing the world around us.    
Already human are facing the threat of partial-automation threat. facing robots in different areas of life and emerging virtual space of Block Chain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) It is now become necessary to measure how a worker's brain becomes fatigued during different types of work and adapt the amount of automation involved depending on the worker's attention level and cognitive state.  

In workplaces, psychologists are documenting the financial losses companies suffer when they fail to provide work environments that offer psychological comfort and safety. Maureen Dollard, PhD, a professor of work and organizational psychology at the University of South Australia's Asia Pacific Centre for Work, Health and Safety, says

We have been trying to use this economic argument to show organizations that if they really are interested in productivity, they are going about it the wrong way, because if you don't care for your workers, they will burn out.

Positive Psychology in the Work Environment

         
How are we placed in the workplace? It is a primordial question when we think quietly. we get almost confused and sometimes surprised.

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We basically want to work in positive and engaging environment. Positive emotions guarantee numerous benefits like well-being, greater quality work-life balance, good health and more and reduces anger, depression, anxiety worry etc. Certainly this environment provides sustainable workforce to the organization which in turn make the organization a most preferred work-place in the job market.
Ellen Ernst Kossek, a Social Scientist and Organizational Psychologist describes a sustainable workforce as

one whose employees have the positive energy, capabilities, vitality and resources to meet current and future organizational performance demands while sustaining their economic and mental health on and off the job

In today's world we although see there are are many who do not bother about work-life balance, but the truth is that employers that ignore employees' work-life imbalance may experience higher rate of absenteeism and turnover, decreased productivity and also bad industrial relations and unionism overtime. It's fact that employees those feel well taken care of by their employer are more committed and more likely to go beyond the call of duty and support other employees. Employee work-life balance is the long-term interest of the organization.

Positive Psychology

It is based on science and often uses scientific method to make analysis. It is just considering the flip side of traditional psychology (figuring out causes of our depressions, worries etc.) and focusing on positive attributes (what makes us feel pleasure, positive thinking, happiness).
Study, research and applications of unpleasant symptoms and pleasing symptoms goes hand in hand to help those are suffering from a mental illness. There are many benefits of positive psychology in workplace. Some of them are

Compliments Traditional Psychology

Once the negative symptoms have been addressed, redirecting our attention to the positives in our life will allow us to feel the hope of a better future.       

Encourages Commitment to Health

The goals of this technique is to help people feel they have a greater purpose. Positive Psychology teaches people how to cope and deal with adversity, be productive and build positive relationship with others.
Positive Psychology when applied alongside traditional therapy, strives to help a person get committed to improving his/her situation through various goals.

Focuses on Personal Strength

Positive Psychology deals with and designed to show a person he/she has strengths as well as weaknesses. Then by recognizing their own strength and build upon them, a person can eliminate his/her weaknesses and becomes more confident, has more energy and enthusiasm for life and become more resilient.

Focuses on Relationships

People with highest degree of happiness also have strong and positive relationship with family and friends.
How we communicate with others is important. Responding in a positive, yet still truthful, a way can benefit a person and with whom he/she communicates.
Shelly Gable, associate professor of psychology at the University of California Santa-Barbara says

Reacting in a positive way not only reinforces bonds, but it also shows that person that in negative times you'll be there

Positive reactions also magnify the uplifting effects of good news for the partner who's doing the sharing, she notes. A negative or semi-positive response to a good news, however, can undercut all the benefits derived from disclosing in the first place, such as fostering trust, intimacy and satisfaction with relationship, she says.
Too often today, people communicate poorly with one another. Learning to properly build relationship through verbal and even body language can enhance our overall well-being.

Improves the Workplace

There are many ways to implement positive psychology in workplace. Learning how to have better outlook about work can increase enjoyment. Giving the employees a new perspective can improve how they respond to customers also.
For instance, looking at challenges as opportunities of growth versus just an unpleasant experience.

Positive Psychology can make employees feel valued as if they are a priority over their duties. When people feel appreciated and valued, they perform better. When they feel important, they make efforts to increase success within the organization.

Improves the Community

Communities, just like individuals, have a collective physical and mental health.   

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The overall well-being of a community needs to be cared for or influenced positively. It is important to know what makes communities flourish and become resilient.       
Positive Psychology helps and can teach community members to bond together both in good and bad times. This means the group can avoid internal divisions.

Eliminates Failure

Positive Psychology does not mean undesirable things will not happen in our life. It is part of our life. But by changing how we look at failure and giving it less power in life, we can feel confident in facing obstacles that arise.
We can start to see failure as a way to learn and become better, rather than view it as part of our identity. Failure is just another way to become stronger.
Positive psychology helps to achieve our goals. It provides a new way to look at roadblocks and enthusiasm to be persistent even when those roadblocks seem insurmountable.
 

Work-Life Balance

Work-Life Balance is an important factor because it affects individuals, families, communities and as well as organizations.

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We need time and energy to participate in family life, community activities and democracy. It requires time and effort outside of our official undertakings. These activities help us rejuvenate. Some activities also require to be in a civil society.
Then how are we placed in our work-life balance?!    
Basically there is no formula that can calculate individuals work-life balance. To understand work-life balance we need to know our personal values. Again to understand personal values we need to think about priorities. Talking about priorities helps us understand the meaning of values, then we can know what activities or efforts to privilege over others.
BusinessDictionary notes

values are important and lasting beliefs

that are essential to the way we live and work. Know what we value and we will already be a long way forward analyzing our time and energy so as to achieve an appropriate, sustainable and fulfilling work-life balance.
BusinessDictionary has tried to define Work-Life Balance as

A comfortable state of equilibrium achieved between an employee's primary priorities of their employment position and their private lifestyle. Most psychologists would agree that the demands of an employee's career should not overwhelm the individual's ability to enjoy a satisfying personal life outside of the business environment.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/work-life-balance.html

A comfortable state of equilibrium achieved between an employee's primary priorities of their employment position and their private lifestyle. Most psychologists would agree that the demands of an employee's career should not overwhelm the individual's ability to enjoy a satisfying personal life outside of the business environment.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/work-life-balance.html

A comfortable state of equilibrium achieved between an employee's primary priorities of their employment position and their private lifestyle. Most psychologists would agree that the demands of an employee's career should not overwhelm the individual's ability to enjoy a satisfying personal life outside the business environment.

In the modern world, work and lifestyle are increasingly becoming inseparable. Nevertheless, we must find a way to devote sufficient time to the lifestyle side of the equation so that whatever individual balance works for us is sustainable in the long run.   

Burned-Out Symptoms

In her classic article Rebecca Muller, Content Fellow at Thrive Global, published on June 18, 2018, tells the story of Psychotherapist Dina Glouberman who was at pick of her career at age 44, when her mind grounded to a sudden halt and she became bed ridden. It took her seven years to recover from the state of burnout.

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Workplaces that support employee well-being and allow time for employee recovery are part of a creating sustainable workforce where employees don't become burned-out and ineffective. In contrast to engaged employees who display on-the-job energy, involvement, commitment and a sense of efficacy. Burned-out employees are

• exhausted - often physically, mentally and emotionally

• cynical - have negative attitudes about the job, management and coworkers

• lack of efficacy - don't feel like their job and their efforts matter

Burnout has a number of workplace causes, including work overload - unsustainable workloads with no opportunities for recovery. Other sources include lacking control of individuals work or workplace, unresolved workplace conflicts and perceptions of unfair workload, pay or evaluations. In most cases managers and other authorities have at least some power to prevent employee burnout by addressing these sources.

Final Thought

I-O Psychologists play vital and important role to identify the causes of distress and suggest application of models that suits the organization and employees as a whole. They help to put the ideas into practice to foster positivity and improve

• Performance

• Motivation

• Engagement

• Conflict Resolution Skills

• Original Thinking

Professor Martin Seligman of University of Pennsylvania has developed an evidence based model for the active ingredients of well-being known as  PERMA.
PERMA stands for Positive emotions, Engagements, Relationships, Meaning and Accomplishment.

This idea is largely followed in Industrial-Organizational Psychology. However according to situations and environment I-O Psychologists may suggest different approaches.
 

TED Talk on Positive Psychology by Martin Seligman 

Whilst these strategies and ideas may sound like common sense in many ways they are too rarely acknowledged and practiced  in today's workplaces.

By offering positivity, engagement, connection, MEANING and accomplishment we can create an inspired and motivated workforce that are not only happy to be at work but are excited to contribute to the company at large.

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As Shawn Achor says

The better your brain is at using its energy to focus on the positives, the greater is your chances at success.      

                                      

  

               

Understanding and Living With Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe and enduring mental illness that interferes with normal brain functioning. Schizophrenia most commonly strikes between the ages of 16 and 30 and symptoms shows comparatively earlier in males than females.
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Schizophrenia, that is known to affect about 10 people per thousand of adult population, can lead to suicide in 25 per cent of its patients if left untreated, a study shows.
May 24 is celebrated the world Schizophrenia day to raise awareness of the disease that is one of the 10 causes of disability. Interestingly the medical data shows that about 90 percent of people with untreated schizophrenia left untreated in developing countries. Dr Manu Tiwari, senior psychiatrist of Fortis Healthcare says,

Hopelessness, social isolation, hospitalization, deteriorating health after a high level of premorbid functioning, recent loss or rejection, limited external support and family stress or instability are risk factors for suicide in patients.

What is Schizophrenia ?  

Schizophrenia is a severe and enduring mental illness that interferes with normal brain functioning. Schizophrenia most commonly strikes between the ages of 16 and 30 and symptoms shows comparatively earlier in males than females. It causes affected people exhibit odd and often highly irrational and disorganized behavior. In many cases, the disorder develops so slowly that the individual does not even know that they have had it for many years. But in other case it can strike suddenly and develop quickly. The illness may also have its onset in 40s and above, termed late-onset schizophrenia. The illness is characterized by disruption in the process of perception of senses, especially hearing and also thinking.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Some patients may show clear symptoms but others may seem fine until they start explaining what they are truly thinking. A sizable proportion of people with schizophrenia are dependent on others because they are unable to do a job and take care for themselves.

Some patients may show clear symptoms but others may seem fine until they start explaining what they are truly thinking. 
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Many of them resist to visit a doctor and arguing that there is nothing wrong with them.
Commonly,  people with schizophrenia have anosognosia or lack of insight. This means the person is unaware that she/he has the illness, which can make treating or working with them much more challenging.



The effect of schizophrenia is very critical for the patient as well as family, friends and society also.
   

Suspecting without sufficient basis - that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving her/him 
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Antagonism > Suspeciousness

Suspecting without sufficient basis - that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving her/him

Dis-inhibition >

Distractibility

Difficulty in concentrating and focusing on tasks; attention easily diverted by extraneous stimuli
  

 

Decreased Intellect

Perceptual Dysregulation

• Odd and unusual thought process and experiences

Unusual Belief and Experiences

• Firmly held very strange false beliefs, unreal perceptions, imaginary voices, visions and smells

Eccentricity

• Odd, unusual strange behavior, appearance or talking, bizarre thoughts 

Lack of Insight

• Lacking understanding of or willingness to change / correct their personal problems 

Forgetfulness

• Difficulties in learning, forgetting important information.

Impaired Reasoning

• Lacking good judgement, impaired ability to solve problems by thinking logically and in a sensible way.

Detachment

Intimacy Avoidance

• Avoidance of close relationship

Social Withdrawal

• Preferred to be alone; avoidance of social contracts and activity

Restricted Emotion

• Little reaction to emotionally arousing situation; constricted emotional experience and expression

Loss of Interest or Pleasure

• Inability to enjoy or take interest in things; lack of energy for life's experience

Negative Emotion

Depressed Mood

• Feelings of being down, miserable and hopeless

Self-Harm

• Suicidal thoughts or risk of harming self by self-injury or severe self-neglect

Symptoms and signs however varies in a range depending on the individual.

Psychosis

Schizophrenia or paranoid schizophrenia is technically featured as psychosis. It occurs when  a person loses the ability to discriminate between real and imagined experiences and therefore contact is lost with external reality.

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Hallucination

Perceiving a sensation, usually hearing multiple voices that occur in the absence of anyone around is termed as hallucination. The voice quality is like that of a normal person but the only difference is that this happens in the absence of any real person speaking. Therefore for the person with schizophrenia, such voices are real. These voices could be abusive and hostile causing irritability. The person - because of preoccupation with voices - will not able to concentrate and have a social interaction. The person rarely complains of hearing voices as abnormal and does not believe their origin is from an ill mind. There is abnormality of experience of thinking also, as the person believes she/he is being conspired against with people watching or following them. Some patients have isolated themselves because of fear when severity of illness increased. The voices also could command to harm oneself or others and the person may act on those instructions. In simple terms some of these experiences are similar to dreams but with person being fully awake and alert.
    

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Delusion

With hallucination these patients also experience delusions which are firmly held false beliefs, mistaken ideas that are not supported by evidence or held despite contradictory evidence. Delusions are necessarily in congruent with societal norms and some beliefs may constitute a delusion in certain cultures where they impact functioning while they may be perfectly normal belief in others.

Both hallucination and delusion are involuntary in nature, occurring spontaneously and without premeditation on the part of patients who experience them. Typically, attempts to correct patients' delusions are met with resistance and defensiveness. From their internal perspective, patients' delusions seem to be true.

Persons with schizophrenia have little choice but to take their hallucinations and delusions seriously as their malfunctioning brains cause them to experience these uncontrollably with the force of real sensations.                
Hallucinations are thus a virtual reality that persons with schizophrenia force themselves into the trap and the delusions that form around these hallucinations are a natural response to this unintentionally altered perceptions.
    

Causes of Schizophrenia

There are may be various causes that can be identified as possible cause when a person affected by the symptoms of schizophrenia. However those causes are only possibilities based on historical analysis.

Genetic inheritance

Schizophrenia is not just caused by just one genetic variation, but a complex interplay of genetics and environment. But if there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are less than 1 percent, However it is found that the risk rises to 10 percent when a history conforms.

Environment

There is no definite proof but different studies suspect trauma, exposure to viruses, malnutrition before birth may contribute to increase the possibility of developing schizophrenia.   
  

Chemical imbalance in the brain

Problems with certain brain chemicals including neurotransmitter called dopamine and glutamate may contribute schizophrenia.. Other neurotransmitter like serotonin may be one of them.

Substance use

Some experts have suggested that taking mind altering drugs during teen and in early 20s can increase the risk of schizophrenia.

Cause or Effect

Stressful experiences often precede the emergence of schizophrenia. Before

It is very hard to conclude whether schizophrenia is cause or effect of the crisis.
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any acute symptoms are apparent, people with schizophrenia  habitually become bad-tempered, anxious and unfocused. Sometime they can become hostile, irritable and abusive towards the family, colleagues or even with the neighbors. This can trigger relationship problem, divorce, unemployment etc.

The above factors with some unknown causes often blamed for the onset of schizophrenia, when it was really other way round - disease causes the factors. Therefore it is very hard to conclude whether schizophrenia is cause or effect of the crisis.

Treatment of Schizophrenia

There is no full cure of schizophrenia so far, however it can be treated and manged several ways. Psychiatrists generally do attempt to treat patient with family members, help at home and do try the least restrictive approach but it all depends on the severity of the illness, level of trust and family support.       
By starting treatment early with proper combination of

• medication

• psychological counseling

• self-help resources

many patients recover well. They complete their study and continue to perform in their employment in a supportive environment.

Final Thought

The primary schizophrenia treatment is medication. Unfortunately it needs long-term treatment,  most cases lifelong. though some people make significant recovery.

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Many symptoms can be treated or controlled. The focus switches from treating the illness to recovery phase, to make the person lead a more independent life by way of rehabilitation care.

Since most persons do not believe they are ill, they refuse to take medications that are necessary to reduce their strange experiences. It is the trusting therapeutic relationship with the regular psychiatrist and presence of the motivating care-giving family member that will ensure the treatment is adhered to. With many awareness programmes, caring family members and even at times the persons themselves are now coming forward and seeking treatment and continuing care.